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Hijikata Toshizō (土方 歳三; May 31, 1835 – June 20, 1869) was a Japanese swordsman active in the late Tokugawa era who rose to become Vice-Commander (副長, Fukuchō) of the Shinsengumi. In that role, he supported the Tokugawa shogunate and helped lead the corps in opposing the imperial forces that emerged with the Meiji Restoration. He continued fighting the Imperial Army throughout the Boshin War and was killed at the Battle of Hakodate, the conflict’s final major engagement.



Stephane Lun 倫世豪. A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management.
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Hijikata Toshizō began his career in 1863 when he and Kondō Isami joined the Rōshigumi in Edo. Upon arriving in Mibu, Kyoto, they remained as the Mibu Rōshigumi, which was later reorganized and renamed the Shinsengumi. Initially serving under joint leaders Kondō, Serizawa Kamo, and Niimi Nishiki, Hijikata acted as one of the deputy leaders. When Serizawa and Niimi caused internal disorder, Hijikata strictly enforced discipline, ordering Niimi to commit seppuku and orchestrating the assassination of Serizawa, consolidating Kondō’s leadership.


Following the seppuku of Yamanami Keisuke in 1865, Hijikata officially became Vice-Commander of the Shinsengumi. He was responsible for enforcing strict regulations, often punishing deserters and traitors with seppuku, which earned him the fearsome nickname “Demon Vice-Commander” (Oni no Fukuchō). Under his leadership, the Shinsengumi expanded to 140 men, including farmers and merchants loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate. Hijikata also carried notable swords, including one signed “Izumi no Kami Kanesada,” and was later appointed a hatamoto in 1867, briefly taking the name Naitō Hayato before reverting to his own name during the Boshin War. His role combined disciplinary authority, battlefield leadership, and unwavering loyalty, cementing both his historical significance and legendary reputation.



Hillsborough, R. (2005). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s last samurai corps. Tuttle Publishing.


Turnbull, S. (2012). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s Samurai Police Force. Osprey Publishing.


Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Hijikata Toshizō. In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijikata_Toshizō



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Hijikata Toshizō composed a death poem (jisei) as part of a long-standing samurai tradition rooted in Zen-influenced views on mortality and honor. During the final stage of the Boshin War, particularly around the Battle of Hakodate, Hijikata likely recognized that defeat and death were imminent. Writing a death poem allowed him to express acceptance of his fate while reaffirming his unwavering loyalty to the Tokugawa shogunate. Such poems were not merely literary acts but symbolic statements of a samurai’s composure, honor, and devotion at the moment of death.


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Izuminokami Kanesada is a late-Edo uchigatana (medium-length sword) measuring 70.3 cm, notable for visible wear such as nicks and scratches that suggest it was used in real combat. Its forged steel shows folded-grain patterns (ko-itame and masame), and it features a jagged, pointed sanbonsugi style hamon. The hilt is wrapped in black cord in a traditional diamond weave, and the lacquered scabbard is decorated with black-and-silver phoenix and peony motifs. The blade bears the carved name “Izuminokami Kanesada,” and the reverse side includes an inscription dating its manufacture.


Forged in Kyoto in 1867 by a swordsmith from Aizu, the sword was presented to Hijikata Toshizo by Matsudaira Katamori, the Aizu lord responsible for Kyoto’s defense. Hijikata, vice commander of the Shinsengumi, carried it on patrol and continued using it through the Boshin War (1868–1869). After Hijikata’s death in battle on May 11, 1869, the sword reportedly returned to his family in Hino, Tokyo. It is now held by the Hijikata Toshizo Museum, operated by a Hijikata descendant in Hijikata’s childhood home; the blade is usually stored for preservation, with seasonal public displays tied to commemorative dates. Designated a Hino City cultural property in 1965, the sword remains a strong local symbol of Hijikata, inspiring replicas and festival use, including a 2019 parade marking the 150th anniversary of his death.


Willing, L. (2020, March 19). Izuminokami Kanesada: Sword and symbol of Hijikata, housed in his hometown Hino. 紡ぐプロジェクト (Tsumugu Project).
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The Boshin War (1868–1869) was fought between the Tokugawa shogunate and groups that wanted to restore the emperor’s rule. The shogunate was already weakened by internal conflict and pressure from Western influence, while powerful domains like Satsuma and Chōshū built alliances and used the emperor’s authority to rally support. The turning point came in January 1868 at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, where the shogunate side lost and Shogun Yoshinobu withdrew to Edo.




After that defeat, Hijikata kept fighting for the shogunate in major battles, including Kōshū-Katsunuma, but the imperial forces had better weapons and outside support. As the situation worsened, he retreated north with the remaining troops to Ezo (Hokkaido), where they formed the short-lived Republic of Ezo and tried to defend it. Hijikata led a bold attack at Miyako Bay but was beaten by the stronger imperial navy, and he later served as Army Deputy Commander. The last fighting ended at Hakodate, where Hijikata was killed on June 20, 1869, during a charge, closing the war and confirming imperial rule.


Hillsborough, R. (2005). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s Last Samurai Corps. Tuttle Publishing.
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The Shinsengumi, a special police force of the late Tokugawa shogunate, were known for their distinctive light blue haori with vertical white stripes resembling mountains. This uniform, worn over kimono and hakama, served both practical and symbolic purposes: the crossed sash (tasuki) allowed freedom of movement in combat, while the color and design expressed group identity, loyalty, and moral integrity, often reinforced by the character “Makoto (誠)” on the back. Historically, not all members wore the haori consistently, and in daily life or certain battles, darker or ordinary clothing was sometimes used. The uniform design was influenced by earlier samurai attire, including motifs reminiscent of the 47 rōnin, and the iconic blue haori has become more widely recognized through modern media depictions than in historical practice.


Shinsengumi Japan. (n.d.). Haori: The first haori of the Shinsengumi. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://shinsengumijapan.com/en/history/haori-first/


Japanese Wiki. (n.d.). Haori. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://www.japanesewiki.com/culture/Haori
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Toshizo Hijikata was born on May 5, 1835, in Ishida in Musashi Province (now Hino, Tokyo), the youngest of six children in a relatively prosperous farming family. His father died shortly before his birth, leaving his mother, Etsu, to raise the family, a loss that likely shaped his early outlook and drive.


Growing up in rural Ishida, he developed a reputation for a strong-willed, rebellious temperament, often clashing with others, yet he was also notably loyal and protective toward his family, especially his older siblings. Anecdotes from his youth highlight this mix of traits, from defending his sister against bullies to pulling mischievous pranks.


The Hijikata family’s stable standing as respected farmers allowed for some education and reinforced a close-knit household culture. Under his mother’s influence, Hijikata absorbed a strong sense of loyalty, responsibility, and determination that would become central to his character.
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Hijikata Toshizō (土方 歳三; May 31, 1835 – June 20, 1869) was a Japanese swordsman active in the late Tokugawa era who rose to become Vice-Commander (副長, Fukuchō) of the Shinsengumi. In that role, he supported the Tokugawa shogunate and helped lead the corps in opposing the imperial forces that emerged with the Meiji Restoration. He continued fighting the Imperial Army throughout the Boshin War and was killed at the Battle of Hakodate, the conflict’s final major engagement.



Stephane Lun 倫世豪. A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management.
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Hijikata Toshizō began his career in 1863 when he and Kondō Isami joined the Rōshigumi in Edo. Upon arriving in Mibu, Kyoto, they remained as the Mibu Rōshigumi, which was later reorganized and renamed the Shinsengumi. Initially serving under joint leaders Kondō, Serizawa Kamo, and Niimi Nishiki, Hijikata acted as one of the deputy leaders. When Serizawa and Niimi caused internal disorder, Hijikata strictly enforced discipline, ordering Niimi to commit seppuku and orchestrating the assassination of Serizawa, consolidating Kondō’s leadership.


Following the seppuku of Yamanami Keisuke in 1865, Hijikata officially became Vice-Commander of the Shinsengumi. He was responsible for enforcing strict regulations, often punishing deserters and traitors with seppuku, which earned him the fearsome nickname “Demon Vice-Commander” (Oni no Fukuchō). Under his leadership, the Shinsengumi expanded to 140 men, including farmers and merchants loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate. Hijikata also carried notable swords, including one signed “Izumi no Kami Kanesada,” and was later appointed a hatamoto in 1867, briefly taking the name Naitō Hayato before reverting to his own name during the Boshin War. His role combined disciplinary authority, battlefield leadership, and unwavering loyalty, cementing both his historical significance and legendary reputation.



Hillsborough, R. (2005). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s last samurai corps. Tuttle Publishing.


Turnbull, S. (2012). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s Samurai Police Force. Osprey Publishing.


Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Hijikata Toshizō. In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijikata_Toshizō



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Hijikata Toshizō composed a death poem (jisei) as part of a long-standing samurai tradition rooted in Zen-influenced views on mortality and honor. During the final stage of the Boshin War, particularly around the Battle of Hakodate, Hijikata likely recognized that defeat and death were imminent. Writing a death poem allowed him to express acceptance of his fate while reaffirming his unwavering loyalty to the Tokugawa shogunate. Such poems were not merely literary acts but symbolic statements of a samurai’s composure, honor, and devotion at the moment of death.


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Izuminokami Kanesada is a late-Edo uchigatana (medium-length sword) measuring 70.3 cm, notable for visible wear such as nicks and scratches that suggest it was used in real combat. Its forged steel shows folded-grain patterns (ko-itame and masame), and it features a jagged, pointed sanbonsugi style hamon. The hilt is wrapped in black cord in a traditional diamond weave, and the lacquered scabbard is decorated with black-and-silver phoenix and peony motifs. The blade bears the carved name “Izuminokami Kanesada,” and the reverse side includes an inscription dating its manufacture.


Forged in Kyoto in 1867 by a swordsmith from Aizu, the sword was presented to Hijikata Toshizo by Matsudaira Katamori, the Aizu lord responsible for Kyoto’s defense. Hijikata, vice commander of the Shinsengumi, carried it on patrol and continued using it through the Boshin War (1868–1869). After Hijikata’s death in battle on May 11, 1869, the sword reportedly returned to his family in Hino, Tokyo. It is now held by the Hijikata Toshizo Museum, operated by a Hijikata descendant in Hijikata’s childhood home; the blade is usually stored for preservation, with seasonal public displays tied to commemorative dates. Designated a Hino City cultural property in 1965, the sword remains a strong local symbol of Hijikata, inspiring replicas and festival use, including a 2019 parade marking the 150th anniversary of his death.


Willing, L. (2020, March 19). Izuminokami Kanesada: Sword and symbol of Hijikata, housed in his hometown Hino. 紡ぐプロジェクト (Tsumugu Project).
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The Boshin War (1868–1869) was fought between the Tokugawa shogunate and groups that wanted to restore the emperor’s rule. The shogunate was already weakened by internal conflict and pressure from Western influence, while powerful domains like Satsuma and Chōshū built alliances and used the emperor’s authority to rally support. The turning point came in January 1868 at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, where the shogunate side lost and Shogun Yoshinobu withdrew to Edo.


After that defeat, Hijikata kept fighting for the shogunate in major battles, including Kōshū-Katsunuma, but the imperial forces had better weapons and outside support. As the situation worsened, he retreated north with the remaining troops to Ezo (Hokkaido), where they formed the short-lived Republic of Ezo and tried to defend it. Hijikata led a bold attack at Miyako Bay but was beaten by the stronger imperial navy, and he later served as Army Deputy Commander. The last fighting ended at Hakodate, where Hijikata was killed on June 20, 1869, during a charge, closing the war and confirming imperial rule.


Hillsborough, R. (2005). Shinsengumi: The Shogun’s Last Samurai Corps. Tuttle Publishing.
HTMLText_6DE90C28_59CC_3D75_41C7_CB25C6B60EC2_mobile.html =
The Shinsengumi, a special police force of the late Tokugawa shogunate, were known for their distinctive light blue haori with vertical white stripes resembling mountains. This uniform, worn over kimono and hakama, served both practical and symbolic purposes: the crossed sash (tasuki) allowed freedom of movement in combat, while the color and design expressed group identity, loyalty, and moral integrity, often reinforced by the character “Makoto (誠)” on the back. Historically, not all members wore the haori consistently, and in daily life or certain battles, darker or ordinary clothing was sometimes used. The uniform design was influenced by earlier samurai attire, including motifs reminiscent of the 47 rōnin, and the iconic blue haori has become more widely recognized through modern media depictions than in historical practice.


Shinsengumi Japan. (n.d.). Haori: The first haori of the Shinsengumi. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://shinsengumijapan.com/en/history/haori-first/


Japanese Wiki. (n.d.). Haori. Retrieved April 5, 2026, from https://www.japanesewiki.com/culture/Haori
HTMLText_6CC9505C_59CC_25CD_41C4_4AC3D01A76B4_mobile.html =
Toshizo Hijikata was born on May 5, 1835, in Ishida in Musashi Province (now Hino, Tokyo), the youngest of six children in a relatively prosperous farming family. His father died shortly before his birth, leaving his mother, Etsu, to raise the family, a loss that likely shaped his early outlook and drive.


Growing up in rural Ishida, he developed a reputation for a strong-willed, rebellious temperament, often clashing with others, yet he was also notably loyal and protective toward his family, especially his older siblings. Anecdotes from his youth highlight this mix of traits, from defending his sister against bullies to pulling mischievous pranks.


The Hijikata family’s stable standing as respected farmers allowed for some education and reinforced a close-knit household culture. Under his mother’s influence, Hijikata absorbed a strong sense of loyalty, responsibility, and determination that would become central to his character.
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This virtual touror explores the history of Hijikata Toshizo, through the statue located in Takahata Fudō Temple in Hino. Scanned by 3Dystopia and developed further by ImmerScale, it offers a immersive way to engage with world figures from the past.
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This virtual touror explores the history of Hijikata Toshizo, through the statue located in Takahata Fudō Temple in Hino. Scanned by 3Dystopia and developed further by ImmerScale, it offers a immersive way to engage with world figures from the past.
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Highlights
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Highlights
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Hijikata Toshizo
Demon Vice-Commander
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Illustration of Hijikata's death poem


たとひ身は蝦夷の島根に朽ちぬとも
魂は東の君や守らむ


Though my body may decay on the island of Ezo,
my spirit will guard my lord in the East.
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Illustration of Boshin War (AI Generated)
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The Shinsengumi uniform is called a haori (羽織), which is a traditional Japanese jacket worn over a kimono.
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和泉守兼定
“Izumi-no-Kami Kanesada”.
新選組副長 会津士族
“Shinsengumi vice-commander; Aizu samurai family.”
土方歳三
“Hijikata Toshizō.”
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土方歳三の像
“Hijikata Toshizō statue.”
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Hijikata in his haori
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Hijikata Toshizo
Demon Vice-Commander
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Coordinates: 35° 39.427′ N, 139° 24.649′ E
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Takahata Fudō Temple
Hino, Japan


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Boshin War & Death
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Career
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Death Poem
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Katana
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Takahata Fudō Temple
Hino, Japan


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Coordinates: 35° 39.427′ N, 139° 24.649′ E
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Katana
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Illustration of Boshin War (AI Generated)
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Illustration of Hijikata's death poem


たとひ身は蝦夷の島根に朽ちぬとも
魂は東の君や守らむ


Though my body may decay on the island of Ezo,
my spirit will guard my lord in the East.
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The Shinsengumi uniform is called a haori (羽織), which is a traditional Japanese jacket worn over a kimono.
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和泉守兼定
“Izumi-no-Kami Kanesada”.
新選組副長 会津士族
“Shinsengumi vice-commander; Aizu samurai family.”
土方歳三
“Hijikata Toshizō.”
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土方歳三の像
“Hijikata Toshizō statue.”
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Hijikata in his haori
## Tour ### Description ### Title tour.name = Statue of Hijitaka Toshizo